I. Phonology

I.1. Vowels

Monophtongs:

 Sound

7

E

¡ 

O

U 

Writing

a

e

i

o

u

Note: <e> in final position is always /e/.

 Sound

7:

e:

¡:

O:

U: 

Writing

â

ê

î

ô

û

Diphtongs:

 Sound

7U

¡7

¡O

 

Writing

ai

au

ia

io

oi

Half Vowels:

 Sound

j

Writing

y

I.2. Consonants

 Sound

p 

t

k

b

d

g

Writing

p

t

k

b

d

g

 Sound

f 

v

s

S

ts

h

Writing

f

v

s

sh

z

h

 Sound

m

n

4

r

l

Writing

m

n

ng

r

l

Note: <hy> und <hv> are aspirated /j/ resp. /v/, that is: /‡j/ und /‡v/.

I.3. Stress

Normally the accent lies on the penultimate syllable, resp. on the syllable before that, if the vowel in the penultimate is short and only a single conconant follows (with <sh> normally being counted a single consonant); e.g.: g'olla (the wolf), but y'enashan (the lineage). Long vowels and diphtongs are always (!) stressed. Exceptions (which are especially numerous with the verb) are marked by (`) over the stressed vowel; e.g.: vèvarte, you have brought.

I.4. Examples with articulation:

rota /r'Ot7/ (wheel, f.); agna /'7gn7/ (lamb, m.); gôs /gO:s/ (ox(cow, m./f.); vèrenni /v'Ereni/ (to bring, to carry, inf.); yêlla /j'e:l7/ (cave, f.); sellan /s'El7n/ (purchase, n.); yenashan /j'En7S7n/ (gender, lineage, n.); giolsi /g'¡Os¡/ (he will, of geleni, to will); tau /t7U/ (you, pron.); heva /h'Ev7/ (his/her pron.); ihve /¡‡ve/ (self, pron.); Fergiartu /fErg¡7rtU/ (the same).