Verbs of Eleiar

III.2.4 Verbs
1.) Introduction
The verbal system of Eleiar distinguishes two genders (active and passive), three modes (indicative, optative, imperative) and vour tenses (present, preterite, perfect, future).
Verbal roots are divided in extended and simple stems. There are four kinds of stem-suffix: verbs on -ia, verbs on -wa- and those on -sa. The extended stems are used in the present and the preterite while the pure stem is used in perfect and future; e.g. isian (i desire), isiathan (I desired), ainasan (I have desired) and aisilan (I will desire). Simple verbs use the pure stem in all forms.
Another pecularity of Eleiar is the use of the relative pronoun on the verb; e.g. lanamai (whom you see).

2.) The forms of the indicative (active)
The conjugation of Eleiar is in principle uncomplicated and regular. Because of that we sill simply show the forms of two examples: slidiaddan (to give) and lamaddan (to see). Each kind of formation will be explained.
a) Present
When forming the present the personal endings are simply attatched to the simple or extended stems.

1. person	2. person	3. person	4. person	5. person	6. person
*slidian*	*slidiai*	*slidiac*	*slidiath*	*slidial*	*slidia*
*laman*	*lamai*	*lamac*	*lamath*	*lamal*	*lama*

b) Preterite
The formation of the preterite forms is achieved by adding the tense sign -th- between stem and personal endings. With the simple stems which end on a consonant, a vowel is inserted which follows the rules of vowel harmony; e.g. lirnithan (I danced), neimethan (I stayed).

1. person	2. person	3. person	4. person	5. person	6. person
*slidiathan*	*slidiathai*	*slidiathac*	*slidiathath*	*slidiathal*	*slidiatha*
*lamathan*	*lamathai*	*lamathac*	*lamathath*	*lamathal*	*lamatha*

c) Perfect
Like the future, the perfect is formed from the pure stem. The tense sign here is the infix -na-, which is inserted between vowel and the final consonant. You have to take into consideration that the pure stem is not always evident from the present. Slididaddan, for example, comes from the root SLEID, which is changed to *slid under the rules of hiatus.

1. person	2. person	3. person	4. person	5. person	6. person
*sleinadan*	*sleinadai*	*sleinadac*	*sleinadath*	*sleinadal*	*sleinada*
*lanaman*	*lanamai*	*lanamac*	*lanamath*	*lanamal*	*lanama*

d) Future
The future is formed from the pure stem, to which is added the tense sign -il-.

1. person	2. person	3. person	4. person	5. person	6. person
*sleidilan*	*sleidilai*	*sleidilac*	*sleidilath*	*sleidilal*	*sleidila*
*lamilan*	*lamilai*	*lamilac*	*lamilath*	*lamilal*	*lamila*

3.) Forms of the Optative:

The optative differs from the indicatice by the modal sign -u-. The optative is formed only from the present, preterite and perfect.

a) Present

1. person	2. person	3. person	4. person	5. person	6. person
*slidiun*	*slidiuai*	*slidiuc*	*slidiuth*	*slidiul*	*slidiu*
*lamun*	*lamuai*	*lamuc*	*lamuth*	*lamul*	*lamu*

b) Preterite

1. person	2. person	3. person	4. person	5. person	6. Pprson
*slidiuthan*	*slidiuthai*	*slidiuthac*	*slidiuthath*	*slidiuthal*	*slidiutha*
*lamuthan*	*lamuthai*	*lamuthac*	*lamuthath*	*lamuthal*	*lamutha*

c) Perfect

1. person	2. person	3. person	4. person	5. person	6. person
*sleinadun*	*sleinaduai*	*sleinaduc*	*sleinaduth*	*sleinadul*	*sleinadu*
*lanamun*	*lanamuai*	*lanamuc*	*lanamuth*	*lanamul*	*lanamu*

4.) Imperative:

The imperative has forms in the second, third, fifth and sixth person and is charatcterized by special endings. Extended stems lose their extension.

2. person	3. person	5. person	6. person
*sleidorai*	*sleidóc*	*sleidól*	*sleidó*
*lamorai*	*lamóc*	*lamól*	*lamó*

5.) Forms of the passive:

The passive of Eleiar has two signs: at first, the prefix ro- and secondly a special form of personal endings. Verbs beginning with a vowel again show the rules of hiatus. Examples: indan I hunt) vs. roindamny (I am hunted); eniac (he carries) vs. róniancy (he is carried). If a diphtong stands at the beginning, the vowel of the prefix is lost; e.g. raithancy (she is loved). The nasal -m- is added before the personal endings and because of the rules governing the final position of a stem the Schwa-sound is often added. The passive will be shown here on the indicative of lamaddan:

1. person	2. person	3. person	4. person	5. Person	6. person
*rolamamny*	*rolamamai*	*rolamancy*	*rolamanthy*	*rolamamal*	*rolamama*
*rolamathamny*	*rolamathamai*	*rolamathancy*	*rolamathanthy*	*rolamathamal*	*rolamathama*
*rolanamamny*	*rolanamamai*	*rolanamancy*	*rolanamanthy*	*rolanamamal*	*rolanamama*
*rolamilamny*	*rolamilamai*	*rolamilancy*	*rolamilanthy*	*rolamilamal*	*rolamilama*

6.) The Infixed Relative Pronoun
In order to create a relative construction, the base forms of the relative pronoun can be incorporated into the verbal forms in the Eleiar language. These forms can be built only in the active voice and only from bipartite verbs (like to see, to help, but not from e.g. to give). Here, the relative pronouns is incorporated between the stem and the personal ending. As an example, we take lamaddan:

1. person	2. person	3. person	4. person	5. person	6. person
*lamanan*	*lamanai*	*lamanac*	*lamanath*	*lamanal*	*lamana*
*lamathanan*	*lamathanai*	*lamathanac*	*lamathanath*	*lamathanal*	*lamathana*
*lanamanan*	*lanamanai*	*lanamanac*	*lanamanath*	*lanamanal*	*lanamana*
*lamilanan*	*lamilanai*	*lamilanac*	*lamilanath*	*lamilanal*	*lamilana*

The forms of the optative are built accordingly; e.g. lamanun (whom I should see).

7.) Infinite Verbal Forms

The infinite verbal forms of the infinitive and the past participke are built from the respective forms. There is no present participle. This function is covered by the verbal adjectives on -al and -da-.
a) Infinitive
The infinitive is built by using the ending -addan.

Infinitive Present
z.B.: slidiaddan (to give), lamaddan (to see)

Infinitive Perfect:
z.B.: sleinadaddan (to have giv en), lanamaddan (to have seen)

Infinitive Future:
z.B.: sleidiladdan (will give), lamiladdan (will see)

The passive infinitives are built by using the prefix ro-:

e.g..: roslidiaddan, rosleinadaddan, rosleidiladdan.

8.) Past Participle
The past participle is built by using the ending -is, which is attacherd to the pure (not the extended) stem . Examples: aisis (desired), sleidis (given), lamis (seen), indis (hunted)

The participle is declined like a noun. Example: sleidis (hunter):

singular		plural
nominative	*sleidis*	nominative	*sleidisis*
genitive	*sleidiso*	genitive	*sleidisos*
dative	*sleidise*	dative	*sleidises*
accusative	*sleidisach*	accusative	*sleidisachis*
lokative	*sleidisante*	lokative	*sleidisantes*
partitive	*sleidisu*

9.) The auxiliary theoddan (to be)

In contrast to the stems ending on a vocal, the auxiliary theoddan built its forms from the pure stem, which speaks of a very old formation.
a) Indicative

	1. person	2. person	3. person	4. person	5. person	6. person
Present	*thuan*	*thuai*	*thuac*	*thuath*	*thual*	*thua*
Past	*theothan*	*theothai*	*theothac*	*theothath*	*theothal*	*theotha*
Perfect	*theonan*	*theonai*	*theonac*	*theonath*	*theonal*	*theona*
Future	*thuilan*	*thuilai*	*thuilac*	*thuilath*	*thuilal*	*thuila*

b) Optative

	1. person	2. person	3. person	4. person	5. person	6. person
Present	*thun*	*thuuai*	*thuc*	*thuth*	*thul*	*thu*
Past	*thuthan*	*thuthai*	*thuthac*	*thuthath*	*thuthal*	*thutha*
Perfect	*theonaun*	*theonauai*	*theonauc*	*theonauth*	*theonaul*	*theonau*

c) Imperative

2. person	3. person	5. person	6. person
*theorai*	*thóc*	*thól*	*thó*