II.6.4. Aorist Formations
Generally the aorist is formed by the attachment of so-called "secundary" endings; these generally conform to those of the present but without the final vowel (as can be seen with athematic verbs). Depending on the way these endings attach to the stem, three kinds of aorist are distinguished: 1.) the root-aorist (with the subdivision root aorist with reduplication), 2.) the extended aorist and 3.) the intransitive aorist. While the root aorist is to be found in the thematic as well as the athematic flexion, the other two are only athematic.
The root aorist is used by most of the thematic verbs without extension as well as especially verbs of the 2. class, particularly those ending in nasals and liquids. Also athematic verbs of the 4. class
belong exclusively here. The intransitive aorist is only used by thematic verbs of the 9. class.

II.6.4.1. Root Aorist without Reduplication
a) athemativ flexion:
To this type belong above all verbs of the 1. class, as well as some verbs of the second, depending on the character of the consonants. The reason is that thematic verbs of this kind lose their stem vowel. Therefore e.g yìgnenni belongs to this group but not dìkkenni. As example vèrenni (to be bringing, carrying) is used in the following:

-) aorist indicative active:

-) medium:

-) aorist subjunctive active:

-) medium:

-) aorist optative active:

-) medium:

b) athematic flexion:
The athematic verbs form the root-aorist from the present stem where also the stem reduction in the fourth to sixth person occurs. But verbs of the 3. class show no reduplication, thus: sên (I stand [just now]), same (we stand [at the moment]). In the medium the stem shows a reduced form, thus: krome. As an example the aorist active of kroini will suffice:

-) aorist indicative active:

-) aorist subjunctive active:

Note: In the subjunctive the stem is used in a reduced form. Stems with a vocalic ending (also of the 3. class) have an -n- affixed to the stem (e.g. sanan, that I stand). Another result of the reduction showseyeni: hon, that I am; he, that you are, etc.

-) aorist optative active:

Note: The aorist optative of these verbs is in fact identically to the optative present, which is not true for the thematic root-aorist. This would have been a reason for the emergence of the extended aorist.

II.6.4.2. Root-Aorist with Reduplikation
The reduplicated root-aorist is only formed by thematic verbs; the reduplicated vowel is -e- (as with the perfect). The composition of this type is a mixed one: there are verbs of the 4. class like hêrenni, as well as those of the 5. class like tòlnenni, but also inchoatives like blûkenni; thus mainly verbs with a long vowel. As examples of this type the aorist indicative active of tòlnenni is sufficient. The reduplication occurs throughout the whole paradigm. The accent is on the theme vowel.

-) aorist indicative active:

II.6.4.3. The Extended Aorist:
The first point we have to say about this type, is that the stem vowels (with the exception of verbs of the 4. athematic class) occur in a lengthened form; compare for example: fêm (I am looking) with 1. pers. pres. feyu, or gâm (I come) with gaiyu (I am coming).

The extension, which can still be seen distinctively e.g. in kroishenni: krêssan, consisted in the attachment of -s- to the stem. Due to the fact that this consonant disapperead in between or after consonants, this type of formation is no longer discernable in most cases.
Here it is advisable to show the whole paradigm on the example of gaiyenni (to come):

-) aorist indicative active:

Note: The pattern of the extended aorist is made more complex by numerous assimilation processes; e.g. yêngan, yêng, yênt, yêmme, yênte, yêngent (from yòngenni, connect); îssan ,îss, îrs, îssme, îrse, îssant. demêni (build) and similar verbs show the following paradigm: demàm, demàss, demàs, demàme, demàse, demante.

-) medium:

Note. Assimilations occur here also; z.B.: yêmme, I connect, yêmbe, you connect, etc.

-) aorist subjunctive active:

-) medium:

-) aorist optative active:

Note. The medial forms are built on analogue; e.g.: gâssyema.

II.6.4.4. The Intransitive Aorist
The forms of the intransitive aorist (on which pattern the present tense of these verbs was formed) is distinguished from the present only by the dissapearance of the extension. Thus: gendîn, gendî, gendît, gendîme, gendît, gendent (!). The subjunctive active of the aorist is identical to the present, thus: gendîyun, gendîye etc. The same is true for the optative.

II.6.5. Perfect Formations
In the perfect, three kinds of formation are distinguished: 1.) perfect with reduplication (reduplicated vowel is -e-), 2.) perfect with (so-called) augment and 3.) perfect without reduplication. These forms are athematic throughout. Furthermore the perfect has its own set of endings, which are in part no longer discernable.

II.6.5.1. Perfect with Reduplication:
According to the stem vowel, three types are to be distinguished:
a) verbs with vowels of the "1. series":
Verbs of the 1. series have the following vowel-alternations in the perfect:

present	e	ê	i	î	o	au	ia	io	oi
perfect	a	o	u	u	Æ (= o)	u	a	a	o

The situation is made more complex by the fact that also reduplicated thematic verbs can belong to this type: e.g. yìgnenni: yèyane; dìkkenni: dèdase etc. In the fourth to sixth person the stem is used in a reduced form. As an example we will use the indicative perfect active and the optative which has gone its own ways in the perfect.

-) perfect indicative active:

Note: A verb like lìkenni (to be letting, leaving) the reduced form of the stem in the plural can be seen: leluke (I have let) - lèlimme (we have l.).

-) perfect optative active:

Note: As we can clearly see here, the reduced subjunctive present of eyeni is simply attached to the perfect stem. The reduction from the fourth person onwards is used here also, as lelishem (we would have let) shows.

b) Verbs with vowels of the "2. series":
Here the following alternations occur:

present

a

a

â

â

ê

i

i

o

o

ô

ô

u

u

û

ai

ai

au

ia

io

oi

perfect

e

i

i

u

a

Æ

a

a

Æ

i

u

i

o

a

a

e

a

i

i

a

Æ = no alternations

Here a few examples may be helpful. These verbs have the same base form in all six persons (i.e. the reduced stem; that is the reason for the many alternations). Examples: pombu (I am reducing): pèpambu (I have r.); blûket (it is blooming): vèblake (it has b.); tolnu (I am suffering): tètalne (I have s.); gasi (it is sticking): gegiye (it has s.); pôyi (you are drinking): pepise (you have d.); dû (I am giving): deda (I have given), etc.

As an example the indicative active of tòlnenni is used:

Note: Forms like tètalle stem from incompatible combinations of consonants (Ü *tetaln-te). Verbs whose stems end on a vowel like pôni show a -y- in the first and third person. Here base forms can appear which do not fit into the vowel alternations of the second series. These are to be traced back to synchronic sound changes; e.g. pèpaye (I have/he has drunk), deda (I have given) from dûni. The optative here is formed with -shen; e.g. tètalshen: I should/would have suffered). As in this example middle consonants often disappear; plosives often disappear as well (e.g. vèblashe: it should have bloomed already).

c) Verbs of the structure VC:
Verbs like èrenni (to be setting in motion), oigenni (praise) or òyenni (increase) show a special type of reduplication. Here the stem-syllable is repeated and the vowel of the second syllable is lengthened; this leads to the following alternations:

present	a â o	e ê i ia/io oi	i î ia/io	u	o ô u û	ai*	oi* i*	au**
perfect	a	e	i	o	u	a	u	a/e

* These alternations only occur before y, C + y, sh and z

** These alternations occur mainly before C + v, but are rare.

Some more examples are in order: eru (I am setting in motion): erere (I have set in motion); oyu (I am increasing): oyaye (I have i.); ormi (I am talking): ûrore (I have t.); apûrbu (I am replying): apûrorbe (I have r.). In this case we have a prefix-derivation of ûrenni. Here the prefix (ap-) is attached to the reduplicated syllable. Compare also: sonale of sonaleni (to raise together); here the reduplicated syllable is lost by haplology (Ü * son[al]ale). Further examples of the reduplication with prefix composites: allèlute of allìtenni (to go on), distèda (I have distributed) of distûni (distribute), addedose of addêsenni (move away).

We will conjugate the ind. act. of ereni (set in motion):

-) perfect indicative active:

II.6.5.2. Perfect with Augment:
To this type belong verbs beginning on h, f and str. These go back to disappeared or mutated s- (as can be seen from str-). These verbs attach the so-called "augment" (e-) to the stem, which appears in the form of 6.5.1. (a/b)); e.g.: hêrenni (run to and fro): èharde; haipyenni (see): epye; fèyenni (look for): efaye. As example we take fèyenni:

-) perfect indicative active

II.6.5.3. Perfect without Reduplication
Some few verbs - especially those which do not fit into the other paradigms due to their sound structure - form their perfect without reduplication. Their formation goes back to the preterite present gudeni (to be knowing) (verbs with the form of a perfect, but the meaning of the present). Basically these verbs are all special cases because they each possess different structures of the stem. But before we get to the other verbs of this type, at first the perfect active of gudeni.

-) perfect indicative active:

yòngenni (connect) which also belongs here, retains its stem vowel though all persons, the same as yaiyenni (throw) and yàttenni (hurl, sling), as well as all verbs of the same type. Intransitives also show no reduplication, instead the change from î to û: gendîyu (I am having): gendûye (I had).

II.6.5.4. Further Special Cases:
Causative verbs on -èy- (7. themat. class) loose the vowel of the extension, thus: arèyet (it is drying): êrye (it is dry).
The verb ini (go) builds its perfect with reduplication from the suppletive stem gêni; thus: gega: I have gone, etc.

II.6.6. Future Formations
The future I again distinguishes thematic and athematic verbs. Here there are two kinds of formation: 1.) extended future, 2.) future with reduplicated aorist.

II.6.6.1. Extended Future: Thematic
This form goes back to the insertion of -s- just like the extended aorist. The stem appears in the normal form (even if the present is reduplicated). The future is only formed in the indicative, since it has a voluntative/potential connotation originally. Example: vèrenni:

-) future active:

-) medium:

II.6.6.2. Future with Extended Aorist: Thematic:
This type also goes back to the insertion of -s- originally. Here two secondary types are to be distinguished: One follows the alternations of the 1. series, the second has a reduced stem; e.g. prambu (I precede): peprimbû (I will p.). Here also the ending is stressed.
a) Reduplication of the 1. series:

b) Reduced vowel:

Here the following alternations occur: a, i, o Þ i and o, oi, u Þ o.

II.6.6.3. Extended Future: Athematic:
-) active:

The example is sîni (set down)

Note: In the first person all verbs of this type have the ending -u. A further point worth mentioning is that the special cases eyeni and geleni (will) have a single future formation, the same with ini (go).

-) medium

Note: As with sîni all athematic verbs of the third class have a vowel shortening; thus: ê Þ a, î Þ e, û Þ o, and the diphtongs: ai Þ i, au Þ u. Verbs of this class which insert a -y- in front of their peronal endings, have the alternations â Þ a, ê Þ i, ô Þ u, verbs with -v- have â Þ o, ê Þ oi, ô Þ u.

II.6.6.4. Future with Reduplicated Aorist: Athematic
Some athematic verbs of the 2. and 4. class show reduplicated aorist-stems in the future. Some of these verbs have only the reduplication like ereni, others in contrast the type of reduplication with a reduced vowel in the second syllable like oigagu (I will praise). While the type of ereni has the stress on the second syllable, verbs with reduced vowels have the stress on the reduplicated syllable. Verbs of the fourth have a shortening of the long vowel like the persons 4-6 in the present; thus: demmayu (I will build).
Examples in the following are ereni and oigeni:

-) future active:

-) medium:

II.6.7. Forms of the Past
The general characteristic of the past tense is the augment (-e-) which we have already encountered with the perfect. This is simply placed ahead of the other tense-stems: e.g. veru (I am bringing): evèran (I was bringing). Here two special cases are to be taken into consideration: With verbs of the type VC the initial vowel is qualitatively changed by the prefixation. The following holds true:

base vowel

a

a

e

i

i

i*

o

o

u

u

ai

au**

ia/io

oi

augment + BV

ê

â

î

ai

ê

û

û

â

au

ô

â

â/ê

î/ai

ê

*: before y; **: before v

With verbs which already have an augment in the perfect, it is lengthened to ê- in the past tense. The forms of the past tense are moreover built with secondary endings - and this also in the pluperfect!

Examples of the special type of augment:
oyu (I am increasing): âyon (I was increasing); eru (I am setting in m.): îran (I was setting into m., past): êrern (I had set in motion); arèyet (it is drying): yarèyet (it was drying); oigni (I am praising): êgan (I was praising); alu (I am feeding): âlan (I was feeding), imi (I am going); ên (I was going); epye (I have seen): êpye (I had been seeing).

Note: With verbs beginning with an unstressed vowel, e- becomes y- like with arèyenni. Verbs beginning with a stressed long vowel (like ûrenni) suffer no changes by the augment; thus e.g.: ûran (I was talking).

As an example for the past tense forms, in the following the first person of vèrenni is shown: imperfect: evèran (I was bringing); 2. aorist: ebròn (I brought); pluperfect: evèvarn (I had brought) - active.
imperfect: evèrame (I was being brought); 2. aorist: ebròma (I was brought); evèvarma (I had been brought) - Medium.

II.6.8. Future II
The future II is built synthetically by eyeni and the past participle; eg. esu vèvarvus: I will have brought.